EV-DRIVING BEHAVIOR IN TRANSPORTATION AND DISTRIBUTION: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY, OPERATIONAL COSTS, AND DELIVERY TIMELINESS AT PT DAPENSI DWIKARYA

Abstract

The electrification of distribution fleets shifts the primary source of inefficiency from internal combustion engines to a complex interplay between battery technology characteristics, charging infrastructure, and driving behavior. At PT Dapensi Dwikarya, internal Fleet Management System (FMS) data from 2025–2026 reveals driving behavior deviations accompanied by an actual energy consumption of 0.23 kWh/km compared to a baseline reference of 0.17 kWh/kmrepresenting an excess of approximately 35.29% along with operational incidents that threaten to elevate costs and disrupt delivery schedules. This article conducts a systematic literature review (SLR) to synthesize empirical and conceptual evidence on the relationship between EV-driving behavior, energy efficiency, operational costs, and delivery timeliness. Guided by the PRISMA 2020 framework, the review examines literature published between 2021 and 2026 focusing on electric vehicles, commercial/freight transport, eco-driving, energy consumption, total cost of ownership (TCO), charging, routing, and delivery time. The thematic synthesis highlights three main pathways: (1) aggressive acceleration, frequent deceleration, and underutilization of regenerative braking directly increase energy consumption; (2) total operational costs are driven more strongly by energy efficiency, charging frequency, downtime, and operational patterns than by electricity tariffs alone; and (3) limited driving range, charging delays, and routing decisions impair schedule reliability if not managed in tandem with driver behavior. Managerial implications for PT Dapensi Dwikarya emphasize the need for an integrated framework incorporating driver coaching, FMS-based feedback, coordinated charging scheduling, and cross-functional KPIs balancing kWh/km, cost/km, and on-time delivery performance.