GAMIFICATION AS AN EFFECTIVE TEACHING STRATEGY: A LITERATURE REVIEW OF ITS RELEVANCE AMIDST CHANGES IN THE INDONESIAN EDUCATION CURRICULUM
Keywords:
Gamification, New Curriculum, 21st Century Learning Strategies
Abstract
Indonesian education has faced significant
challenges in the implementation of new curricula, such as the
innovative application of the Merdeka curriculum in the
education sector, and the curriculum requires more advanced
technology. Gamification has emerged as a strategic approach
to enhance student engagement and motivation by
incorporating game elements into the learning process. The
objective of this research is to review the current literature on
gamification in education, particularly at the high school level,
and to identify best practices, challenges, and opportunities in
education in Indonesia. The methodology used is a systematic
literature review consisting of four main stages: identification,
screening, eligibility, and inclusion. Data were taken from the
Scopus and Google Scholar databases using the Publish or
Perish tool, resulting in 30 relevant articles for analysis. These
articles encompass various research approaches, including
quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. Analysis shows
that gamification has the potential to enhance student
engagement, intrinsic motivation, and academic performance.
However, the implementation of gamification in Indonesia
still faces various obstacles, such as limited technological
infrastructure and a lack of teacher training. In conclusion,
gamification can be an effective strategy to support learning
in the 21st century. However, its success will depend on
efforts to address implementation challenges, particularly
through enhanced teacher training and the provision of
appropriate technology. Therefore, gamification has the
potential to bridge the gap between traditional learning
methods and the needs of modern education in Indonesia.
References
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AlAli, R., & Wardat, Y. (2024). Exploring the impact of Kahoot! as a collaborative gamified
mathematics learning platform for Jordanian junior school gifted students. Journal of
Asian Scientific Research, 14(2), 227–236. https://doi.org/10.55493/5003.v14i2.5061
Alexander, C. H. C., Sivakumar, S., & Kumar, S. P. S. (2024). Gamification in CAD learning:
A methodological approach for engineering curriculum. 020169.
https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0229644
Andrade, M. B., & Passos, M. L. S. (2023). Potentials of Using Gamification in an Open and
Massive Online Course. 2023 International Symposium on Computers in Education
(SIIE), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/SIIE59826.2023.10423684
Anita, A., & Astuti, S. I. (2022). Digitalisasi Dan Ketimpangan Pendidikan: Studi Kasus
Terhadap Guru Sekolah Dasar Di Kecamatan Baraka. Jurnal Pendidikan Dan
Kebudayaan, 7(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.24832/jpnk.v7i1.2509
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multikultural. FOUNDASIA, 13(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.21831/foundasia.v13i1.47444
Baiden, P., Essel, H. B., Vlachopoulos, D., Tachie-Menson, A., & Essuman, M. A. (2022). The
Effect of Gamification on Home Economics Students’ Motivation and Engagement in
Drawing Activities. Technology, Knowledge and Learning, 27(1), 161–182.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-021-09566-7
Bernal Cerza, R. E., Toapanta T, S. M., Alvarez, I. G., Gómez Avilés, C. E., Rivera Gutiérrez,
M. J., Bornot, A. Q., Nenger León, E. E., & Gómez Díaz, E. Z. (2023). Gamification
Strategy for Learning Assessment in the Careers of the University Technological
Institutes. 2023 International Conference on Computational Science and Computational
Intelligence (CSCI), 1729–1733. https://doi.org/10.1109/CSCI62032.2023.00284
Calles-Esteban, F., Hellín, C. J., Tayebi, A., Liu, H., López-Benítez, M., & Gómez, J. (2024).
Influence of Gamification on the Commitment of the Students of a Programming Course:
A Case Study. Applied Sciences, 14(8), 3475. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14083475
Casillas-Martín, S., Cabezas-González, M., & García-Valcárcel Muñoz-Repiso, A. (2023). Use
of Gamification in the Educational Program DigiCraft (pp. 191–204).
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17960-0_9
Cevallos-Almeida, A.-L., & Quiroz-Martinez, M.-A. (2023). Gamification as a Learning
Strategy in the Training of B1 English Learners (pp. 49–59). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-
981-99-7353-8_5
Conlin, R. P., & Santana, S. (2022). Using Gamification Techniques to Enable Generation Z’s
Propensity to Do Good. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 34(5), 553–571.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10495142.2021.1941498
Dilekçi, A., & Karatay, H. (2023). The effects of the 21st-century skills curriculum on the
development of students’ creative thinking skills. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 47,
101229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2022.101229
Fuentes-Riffo, K., Salcedo-Lagos, P., Sanhueza-Campos, C., Pinacho-Davidson, P., FrizCarrillo, M., Kotz-Grabole, G., & Espejo-Burkart, F. (2023). The Influence of
Gamification on High School Students’ Motivation in Geometry Lessons. Sustainability,
15(21), 15615. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152115615
Garcia Garcia, A. (2024). Gamification and Webquest for image identification in Art. European
Public & Social Innovation Review, 9. https://doi.org/10.31637/epsir-2024-347
Gianni, A. M., & Antoniadis, N. (2023). A Novel Gamification Application for High School
Student Examination and Assessment to Assist Student Engagement and to Stimulate
Interest. Information, 14(9), 498. https://doi.org/10.3390/info14090498
Gironella, F. (2023). Gamification pedagogy: A motivational approach to student-centric
course design in higher education. Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice,
20(3). https://doi.org/10.53761/1.20.3.04
Hadi, S., Sholihah, Q., & Warsiman, W. (2022). Pembelajaran Inovatif Pendidikan Karakter
Pada Mata Kuliah Bahasa Indonesia Meningkatkan Kualitas Sikap, Minat, dan Hasil
Belajar Siswa. Briliant: Jurnal Riset Dan Konseptual, 7(4), 905.
https://doi.org/10.28926/briliant.v7i4.1148
Hmoud, A. Y. R., Salah, O. H., & Altalib, R. A. H. (2024). The adoption of gamification in
higher education and its impact on academic performance: empirical evidence from Jordan
and Palestine. Cogent Education, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2024.2428907
Humeniuk, T., Prosandieieva, L., Voronova, V., Nedzvetska, O., Chernihovets, T., &
Solomatova, V. (2022). The Effectiveness of Gamification Elements for the Development
of Future Culturologists’ Digital Competence. Journal of Curriculum and Teaching, 11(6),
113. https://doi.org/10.5430/jct.v11n6p113
Jufriadi, A., Huda, C., Aji, S. D., Pratiwi, H. Y., & Ayu, H. D. (2022). Analisis Keterampilan
Abad 21 Melalui Implementasi Kurikulum Merdeka Belajar Kampus Merdeka. Jurnal
Pendidikan Dan Kebudayaan, 7(1), 39–53. https://doi.org/10.24832/jpnk.v7i1.2482
Kliziene, I., Sinkeviciene, G., Cizauskas, G., & Augustiniene, A. (2024). The impact of
gamification on achievement in mathematics among primary school pupils with hearing
impairment. Cogent Education, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2024.2432100
Koppitsch, S. E., & Meyer, J. (2022). Do Points Matter? The Effects Of Gamification Activities
With And Without Points On Student Learning And Engagement. Marketing Education
Review, 32(1), 45–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/10528008.2021.1887745
Manzano León, A., Rodríguez Ferrer, J. M., Aguilar Parra, J. M., Fernández Campoy, J. M.,
Trigueros, R., & Martínez Martínez, A. M. (2022). Play and learn: Influence of
gamification and game-based learning in the reading processes of secondary school
students. Revista de Psicodidáctica (English Ed.), 27(1), 38–46.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psicoe.2021.08.001
Marcaida, J. L. M., Ortega, H. C. A., Castañeda, E. S., Cadeliña, P. M. M., Garcia, R. R. I.,
Valenzuela, L. R., & Tolentino, J. C. (2022). Gamification in a Virtual Ecology (GIVE):
Enhancing Classroom Engagement in Physical Education among Senior High School
Students. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education
Research, 3(11), 2278–2289. https://doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.03.11.14
Moreira Parrales, M. L., Mejía Carrillo, M. de J., Suarez Ibujes, M. O., & Torres Penafiel, J. S.
(2024). Gamification for learning mathematics in secondary school: Most effective
gamified strategies to motivate students and improve their performance in mathematics.
Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología, 4, 1016. https://doi.org/10.56294/saludcyt20241016
Năstase, M., Tîrnovanu, A. C., Șișu, J. A., & Obreja, M.-M. (2024). Mapping the Field of
Change Management – A Bibliometric Analysis Using Vosviewer. Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence, 18(1), 3292–3308.
https://doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2024-0269
Qomariyah, N., & Maghfiroh, M. (2022). Transisi Kurikulum 2013 Menjadi Kurikulum
Merdeka: Peran dan Tantangan dalam Lembaga Pendidikan. Proceeding : Islamic
Religions Education Conference (IRECON), 10(1).
Ren, W., & Barrett, S. (2023). An empirical investigation on the benefits of gamification in
communication within university development teams. Computer Applications in
Engineering Education, 31(6), 1808–1822. https://doi.org/10.1002/cae.22675
Romero Rodrigo, M., & López Marí, M. (2021). Luces, sombras y retos del profesorado entorno
a la gamificación apoyada en TIC: un estudio con maestros en formación. Revista
Electrónica Interuniversitaria de Formación Del Profesorado, 24(2).
https://doi.org/10.6018/reifop.470991
Santos, C., Pedro, L., Carvalho, A. R., & Ferreira, A. L. (2023). Designing and validating the
gamification strategy model of a digital platform to promote extracurricular projects in K12 schools : The GENE gamification strategy model. 2023 18th Iberian Conference on
Information Systems and Technologies (CISTI), 1–6.
https://doi.org/10.23919/CISTI58278.2023.10211925
Solihin, R. R., Susanto, T. T. D., Fauziyah, E. P., Yanti, N. V. I., & Ramadhania, A. P. (2024).
The Efforts of Indonesian Government In Increasing Teacher Quality Based On PISA
Result In 2022: A Literature Review. Perspektif Ilmu Pendidikan, 38(1), 57–65.
https://doi.org/10.21009/PIP.381.6
Sotos-Martínez, V. J., Ferriz-Valero, A., García-Martínez, S., & Tortosa-Martínez, J. (2024).
The effects of gamification on the motivation and basic psychological needs of secondary
school physical education students. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 29(2), 160–
176. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2022.2039611
Taguas, E. V., Fernández-Ahumada, E., Borrego-López, N., Ortiz-Medina, L., BenllochGonzález, M., Sánchez-Zamora, P., Gallardo-Cobos, R. M., Lara-Vélez, P., & GuerreroGinel, J. E. (2022). Gamification for the Acquisition of Leadership Skills and Formation
of Efficient Work Teams: An Interactive Workshop Based on an Analysis of the Film “The
Seven Samurai.” International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (IJET),
17(22), 20–38. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v17i22.32351
Teerawongpairoj, C., Tantipoj, C., & Sipiyaruk, K. (2024). The design and evaluation of
gamified online role-play as a telehealth training strategy in dental education: anexplanatory sequential mixed-methods study. Scientific Reports, 14(1).
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-58425-9
Temel, T., & Cesur, K. (2024). The Effect of Gamification with Web 2.0 Tools on EFL
Learners’ Motivation and Academic Achievement in Online Learning Environments. Sage
Open, 14(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440241247928
Timotheou, S., Miliou, O., Dimitriadis, Y., Sobrino, S. V., Giannoutsou, N., Cachia, R., Monés,
A. M., & Ioannou, A. (2023). Impacts of digital technologies on education and factors
influencing schools’ digital capacity and transformation: A literature review. Education
and Information Technologies, 28(6), 6695–6726. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-
11431-8
Yañez Sepulveda, R. A., Hinojosa-Torres, C., Cortés-Roco, G., & Zavala-Crichton, J. P.
(2024). Project-based learning and gamification as learning strategies in physical
education teacher training. Retos, 60, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v60.107939
preference for the use of gamification in virtual learning environments. Australasian
Journal of Educational Technology, 145–158. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.6512
AlAli, R., & Wardat, Y. (2024). Exploring the impact of Kahoot! as a collaborative gamified
mathematics learning platform for Jordanian junior school gifted students. Journal of
Asian Scientific Research, 14(2), 227–236. https://doi.org/10.55493/5003.v14i2.5061
Alexander, C. H. C., Sivakumar, S., & Kumar, S. P. S. (2024). Gamification in CAD learning:
A methodological approach for engineering curriculum. 020169.
https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0229644
Andrade, M. B., & Passos, M. L. S. (2023). Potentials of Using Gamification in an Open and
Massive Online Course. 2023 International Symposium on Computers in Education
(SIIE), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/SIIE59826.2023.10423684
Anita, A., & Astuti, S. I. (2022). Digitalisasi Dan Ketimpangan Pendidikan: Studi Kasus
Terhadap Guru Sekolah Dasar Di Kecamatan Baraka. Jurnal Pendidikan Dan
Kebudayaan, 7(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.24832/jpnk.v7i1.2509
Anwar, M. S. (2022). Ketimpangan aksesibilitas pendidikan dalam perpsektif pendidikan
multikultural. FOUNDASIA, 13(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.21831/foundasia.v13i1.47444
Baiden, P., Essel, H. B., Vlachopoulos, D., Tachie-Menson, A., & Essuman, M. A. (2022). The
Effect of Gamification on Home Economics Students’ Motivation and Engagement in
Drawing Activities. Technology, Knowledge and Learning, 27(1), 161–182.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-021-09566-7
Bernal Cerza, R. E., Toapanta T, S. M., Alvarez, I. G., Gómez Avilés, C. E., Rivera Gutiérrez,
M. J., Bornot, A. Q., Nenger León, E. E., & Gómez Díaz, E. Z. (2023). Gamification
Strategy for Learning Assessment in the Careers of the University Technological
Institutes. 2023 International Conference on Computational Science and Computational
Intelligence (CSCI), 1729–1733. https://doi.org/10.1109/CSCI62032.2023.00284
Calles-Esteban, F., Hellín, C. J., Tayebi, A., Liu, H., López-Benítez, M., & Gómez, J. (2024).
Influence of Gamification on the Commitment of the Students of a Programming Course:
A Case Study. Applied Sciences, 14(8), 3475. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14083475
Casillas-Martín, S., Cabezas-González, M., & García-Valcárcel Muñoz-Repiso, A. (2023). Use
of Gamification in the Educational Program DigiCraft (pp. 191–204).
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17960-0_9
Cevallos-Almeida, A.-L., & Quiroz-Martinez, M.-A. (2023). Gamification as a Learning
Strategy in the Training of B1 English Learners (pp. 49–59). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-
981-99-7353-8_5
Conlin, R. P., & Santana, S. (2022). Using Gamification Techniques to Enable Generation Z’s
Propensity to Do Good. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 34(5), 553–571.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10495142.2021.1941498
Dilekçi, A., & Karatay, H. (2023). The effects of the 21st-century skills curriculum on the
development of students’ creative thinking skills. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 47,
101229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2022.101229
Fuentes-Riffo, K., Salcedo-Lagos, P., Sanhueza-Campos, C., Pinacho-Davidson, P., FrizCarrillo, M., Kotz-Grabole, G., & Espejo-Burkart, F. (2023). The Influence of
Gamification on High School Students’ Motivation in Geometry Lessons. Sustainability,
15(21), 15615. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152115615
Garcia Garcia, A. (2024). Gamification and Webquest for image identification in Art. European
Public & Social Innovation Review, 9. https://doi.org/10.31637/epsir-2024-347
Gianni, A. M., & Antoniadis, N. (2023). A Novel Gamification Application for High School
Student Examination and Assessment to Assist Student Engagement and to Stimulate
Interest. Information, 14(9), 498. https://doi.org/10.3390/info14090498
Gironella, F. (2023). Gamification pedagogy: A motivational approach to student-centric
course design in higher education. Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice,
20(3). https://doi.org/10.53761/1.20.3.04
Hadi, S., Sholihah, Q., & Warsiman, W. (2022). Pembelajaran Inovatif Pendidikan Karakter
Pada Mata Kuliah Bahasa Indonesia Meningkatkan Kualitas Sikap, Minat, dan Hasil
Belajar Siswa. Briliant: Jurnal Riset Dan Konseptual, 7(4), 905.
https://doi.org/10.28926/briliant.v7i4.1148
Hmoud, A. Y. R., Salah, O. H., & Altalib, R. A. H. (2024). The adoption of gamification in
higher education and its impact on academic performance: empirical evidence from Jordan
and Palestine. Cogent Education, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2024.2428907
Humeniuk, T., Prosandieieva, L., Voronova, V., Nedzvetska, O., Chernihovets, T., &
Solomatova, V. (2022). The Effectiveness of Gamification Elements for the Development
of Future Culturologists’ Digital Competence. Journal of Curriculum and Teaching, 11(6),
113. https://doi.org/10.5430/jct.v11n6p113
Jufriadi, A., Huda, C., Aji, S. D., Pratiwi, H. Y., & Ayu, H. D. (2022). Analisis Keterampilan
Abad 21 Melalui Implementasi Kurikulum Merdeka Belajar Kampus Merdeka. Jurnal
Pendidikan Dan Kebudayaan, 7(1), 39–53. https://doi.org/10.24832/jpnk.v7i1.2482
Kliziene, I., Sinkeviciene, G., Cizauskas, G., & Augustiniene, A. (2024). The impact of
gamification on achievement in mathematics among primary school pupils with hearing
impairment. Cogent Education, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2024.2432100
Koppitsch, S. E., & Meyer, J. (2022). Do Points Matter? The Effects Of Gamification Activities
With And Without Points On Student Learning And Engagement. Marketing Education
Review, 32(1), 45–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/10528008.2021.1887745
Manzano León, A., Rodríguez Ferrer, J. M., Aguilar Parra, J. M., Fernández Campoy, J. M.,
Trigueros, R., & Martínez Martínez, A. M. (2022). Play and learn: Influence of
gamification and game-based learning in the reading processes of secondary school
students. Revista de Psicodidáctica (English Ed.), 27(1), 38–46.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psicoe.2021.08.001
Marcaida, J. L. M., Ortega, H. C. A., Castañeda, E. S., Cadeliña, P. M. M., Garcia, R. R. I.,
Valenzuela, L. R., & Tolentino, J. C. (2022). Gamification in a Virtual Ecology (GIVE):
Enhancing Classroom Engagement in Physical Education among Senior High School
Students. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education
Research, 3(11), 2278–2289. https://doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.03.11.14
Moreira Parrales, M. L., Mejía Carrillo, M. de J., Suarez Ibujes, M. O., & Torres Penafiel, J. S.
(2024). Gamification for learning mathematics in secondary school: Most effective
gamified strategies to motivate students and improve their performance in mathematics.
Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología, 4, 1016. https://doi.org/10.56294/saludcyt20241016
Năstase, M., Tîrnovanu, A. C., Șișu, J. A., & Obreja, M.-M. (2024). Mapping the Field of
Change Management – A Bibliometric Analysis Using Vosviewer. Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence, 18(1), 3292–3308.
https://doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2024-0269
Qomariyah, N., & Maghfiroh, M. (2022). Transisi Kurikulum 2013 Menjadi Kurikulum
Merdeka: Peran dan Tantangan dalam Lembaga Pendidikan. Proceeding : Islamic
Religions Education Conference (IRECON), 10(1).
Ren, W., & Barrett, S. (2023). An empirical investigation on the benefits of gamification in
communication within university development teams. Computer Applications in
Engineering Education, 31(6), 1808–1822. https://doi.org/10.1002/cae.22675
Romero Rodrigo, M., & López Marí, M. (2021). Luces, sombras y retos del profesorado entorno
a la gamificación apoyada en TIC: un estudio con maestros en formación. Revista
Electrónica Interuniversitaria de Formación Del Profesorado, 24(2).
https://doi.org/10.6018/reifop.470991
Santos, C., Pedro, L., Carvalho, A. R., & Ferreira, A. L. (2023). Designing and validating the
gamification strategy model of a digital platform to promote extracurricular projects in K12 schools : The GENE gamification strategy model. 2023 18th Iberian Conference on
Information Systems and Technologies (CISTI), 1–6.
https://doi.org/10.23919/CISTI58278.2023.10211925
Solihin, R. R., Susanto, T. T. D., Fauziyah, E. P., Yanti, N. V. I., & Ramadhania, A. P. (2024).
The Efforts of Indonesian Government In Increasing Teacher Quality Based On PISA
Result In 2022: A Literature Review. Perspektif Ilmu Pendidikan, 38(1), 57–65.
https://doi.org/10.21009/PIP.381.6
Sotos-Martínez, V. J., Ferriz-Valero, A., García-Martínez, S., & Tortosa-Martínez, J. (2024).
The effects of gamification on the motivation and basic psychological needs of secondary
school physical education students. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 29(2), 160–
176. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2022.2039611
Taguas, E. V., Fernández-Ahumada, E., Borrego-López, N., Ortiz-Medina, L., BenllochGonzález, M., Sánchez-Zamora, P., Gallardo-Cobos, R. M., Lara-Vélez, P., & GuerreroGinel, J. E. (2022). Gamification for the Acquisition of Leadership Skills and Formation
of Efficient Work Teams: An Interactive Workshop Based on an Analysis of the Film “The
Seven Samurai.” International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (IJET),
17(22), 20–38. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v17i22.32351
Teerawongpairoj, C., Tantipoj, C., & Sipiyaruk, K. (2024). The design and evaluation of
gamified online role-play as a telehealth training strategy in dental education: anexplanatory sequential mixed-methods study. Scientific Reports, 14(1).
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-58425-9
Temel, T., & Cesur, K. (2024). The Effect of Gamification with Web 2.0 Tools on EFL
Learners’ Motivation and Academic Achievement in Online Learning Environments. Sage
Open, 14(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440241247928
Timotheou, S., Miliou, O., Dimitriadis, Y., Sobrino, S. V., Giannoutsou, N., Cachia, R., Monés,
A. M., & Ioannou, A. (2023). Impacts of digital technologies on education and factors
influencing schools’ digital capacity and transformation: A literature review. Education
and Information Technologies, 28(6), 6695–6726. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-
11431-8
Yañez Sepulveda, R. A., Hinojosa-Torres, C., Cortés-Roco, G., & Zavala-Crichton, J. P.
(2024). Project-based learning and gamification as learning strategies in physical
education teacher training. Retos, 60, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v60.107939
Published
2024-12-25
How to Cite
Mutiara Yolanda, Gunarhad, & Agus Efendi. (2024). GAMIFICATION AS AN EFFECTIVE TEACHING STRATEGY: A LITERATURE REVIEW OF ITS RELEVANCE AMIDST CHANGES IN THE INDONESIAN EDUCATION CURRICULUM. INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR, 6, 612-629. Retrieved from https://conference.unita.ac.id/index.php/conference/article/view/242
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