Strategic Review of Digital Health Systems in Remote Indonesian Healthcare

Abstract

This study explores the strategic implementation of digital health systems in Indonesia’s remote and underserved regions (3T—terdepan, terluar, tertinggal). It focuses on key structural, technological, and sociocultural factors that influence the adoption of telemedicine, mHealth, electronic medical records (EMR), and interoperable platforms like SATUSEHAT, while also identifying community-based innovations that improve service delivery. A narrative literature review was conducted using purposive sampling of academic articles, policy reports, and field studies published between 2019 and 2025. Literature was gathered from databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect using search terms related to digital health and remote healthcare in Indonesia. Thematic analysis was used to synthesize findings based on five core dimensions: infrastructure readiness, human resource capacity, system interoperability, community acceptance, and policy sustainability. Selected case studies were also compared to illustrate field-level practices and outcomes. The study found that despite national digital health strategies, infrastructure limitations, digital illiteracy, and fragmented regulations remain significant barriers in remote areas. However, grassroots innovations—such as mHealth for maternal care and offline-compatible EMRs—have demonstrated localized success. Community involvement and adaptable design emerged as key enablers of digital adoption. This review proposes a strategic framework to strengthen Indonesia’s digital health ecosystem in remote regions by aligning policy harmonization, investment in connectivity, inclusive technology training, and support for local innovation. It highlights the need for equity-centered, culturally sensitive, and multisector approaches to ensure no region is left behind in digital health transformation.